發布日期:2023-10-17
2023年10月,中國保(bao)險(xian)(xian)保(bao)障基(ji)金有限責任公司在北京發(fa)布《中國保(bao)險(xian)(xian)業風險(xian)(xian)評估報(bao)告2023》(以下簡稱“報(bao)告”)。報(bao)告指出,2022年,保(bao)險(xian)(xian)業堅(jian)決(jue)貫徹落(luo)實黨中央、國務院決(jue)策(ce)部署,在監管(guan)部門的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)確(que)領(ling)導下,積極應對超預期(qi)因素沖擊(ji),堅(jian)定(ding)不(bu)移(yi)走中國特(te)色金融保(bao)險(xian)(xian)發(fa)展道路,堅(jian)持以人民為中心的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展理念(nian),堅(jian)決(jue)守(shou)住了不(bu)發(fa)生系統(tong)性風險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)底線。同時也要看到,我國經濟恢復的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎尚(shang)不(bu)牢固,需求收縮、供(gong)給(gei)沖擊(ji)、預期(qi)轉弱三重壓(ya)力仍然較大,外部環境動(dong)蕩不(bu)安,給(gei)我國經濟帶(dai)來的(de)(de)(de)影響加深。保(bao)險(xian)(xian)業正(zheng)處于轉型攻堅(jian)期(qi),舊的(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)尚(shang)未出清(qing),新的(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)仍在積累,推(tui)動(dong)高質量發(fa)展仍需克服不(bu)少(shao)困難挑戰。
本(ben)次編(bian)撰的(de)報告(gao)(gao)包括經濟(ji)金融環(huan)境、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)情況、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)風險(xian)評估和專家觀測視角四個部分,報告(gao)(gao)在回顧2022年度(du)保險(xian)業(ye)(ye)內外部環(huan)境的(de)基礎上,對行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)形勢進行(xing)(xing)了較為全面的(de)闡(chan)述,就當前保險(xian)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)面臨(lin)的(de)風險(xian)問題重點展開分析。
一、運行情況
2022年,保(bao)(bao)險業運行態(tai)勢平(ping)穩。資(zi)產規模(mo)穩步(bu)增(zeng)長(chang),保(bao)(bao)險業總(zong)資(zi)產27.15萬億(yi)元,較年初增(zeng)長(chang)9.08%;保(bao)(bao)險業務規模(mo)實現正(zheng)增(zeng)長(chang),原保(bao)(bao)險保(bao)(bao)費收入(ru)46,957.18億(yi)元,同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)4.58%;償(chang)付(fu)能(neng)(neng)力(li)保(bao)(bao)持在(zai)合理區間,納入(ru)償(chang)付(fu)能(neng)(neng)力(li)監管委員會審議的181家(jia)保(bao)(bao)險公司(si)平(ping)均綜(zong)合償(chang)付(fu)能(neng)(neng)力(li)充足率(lv)為196%。
財產險(xian)(xian)方面,行業持(chi)續(xu)(xu)(xu)深化改革(ge)創新,保(bao)費增速回升,全(quan)年實現原保(bao)費收入14,866.54億元(yuan),同(tong)(tong)比(bi)增長8.70%;險(xian)(xian)種結(jie)構持(chi)續(xu)(xu)(xu)優化,非車險(xian)(xian)保(bao)費占比(bi)連續(xu)(xu)(xu)7年持(chi)續(xu)(xu)(xu)提高;風險(xian)(xian)保(bao)障力度(du)不斷提升,保(bao)險(xian)(xian)金額(e)同(tong)(tong)比(bi)增長14.71%;經營成果大幅改善,經營性現金流(liu)凈(jing)流(liu)入,凈(jing)利潤(run)同(tong)(tong)比(bi)增加;償付能力充足率保(bao)持(chi)在(zai)合(he)理區間。
人身險方面(mian),行(xing)業持(chi)續深化轉型(xing)升(sheng)級,原(yuan)保(bao)(bao)險保(bao)(bao)費收入(ru)平(ping)穩(wen)(wen)增(zeng)長,保(bao)(bao)障型(xing)業務(wu)平(ping)穩(wen)(wen)發展。保(bao)(bao)費收入(ru)方面(mian),實(shi)現原(yuan)保(bao)(bao)險保(bao)(bao)費收入(ru)32,090.63億元,同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長2.78%;險種方面(mian),普通壽險穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)增(zeng)長,分紅險規模有所(suo)下降;渠道方面(mian),代理渠道有所(suo)收縮,銀保(bao)(bao)渠道持(chi)續增(zeng)長。行(xing)業盈利(li)能力有所(suo)分化,償(chang)付能力充足率仍保(bao)(bao)持(chi)在合理區間。
資金運(yun)用方(fang)面,資金運(yun)用規模保(bao)持(chi)穩步增長趨勢,資產(chan)配置(zhi)結構維持(chi)穩定(ding),仍以(yi)長久(jiu)期債券為(wei)主;受(shou)權益(yi)市場(chang)波(bo)動加劇(ju)、利率中樞低位震蕩影響(xiang),保(bao)險資金運(yun)用收益(yi)率階段(duan)性下滑;保(bao)險資金支(zhi)持(chi)實體經(jing)濟質(zhi)效不斷提升(sheng),積極(ji)服務國(guo)家戰略,參與重大工(gong)程建設。
二、風險評估
去年以來我(wo)國保險業面臨的(de)主要風險和挑戰歸(gui)納為(wei)六個(ge)方面:
投資(zi)(zi)(zi)端(duan)存量問題與新增(zeng)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)并(bing)存。一是(shi)(shi)權(quan)益(yi)市場波動加(jia)劇(ju),投資(zi)(zi)(zi)收(shou)益(yi)率同(tong)比下降。2022年(nian)全年(nian)上證指(zhi)數、滬深300、創業(ye)(ye)板指(zhi)分(fen)別(bie)下跌 15.13%、21.63%和(he)(he)29.37%。受此影響(xiang),保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金股票投資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)財(cai)務(wu)(wu)收(shou)益(yi)率、綜合收(shou)益(yi)率大(da)(da)幅下滑,創近年(nian)來(lai)新低。在(zai)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)股權(quan)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)方(fang)面,保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)機構(gou)整體開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)股權(quan)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)相(xiang)對較(jiao)(jiao)晚(wan),在(zai)項目篩選、資(zi)(zi)(zi)產運(yun)營和(he)(he)退出安排等方(fang)面存在(zai)經(jing)驗不足、管(guan)理(li)(li)機制(zhi)不完(wan)善等問題,股權(quan)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)后續管(guan)理(li)(li)面臨(lin)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)挑戰。同(tong)時,當前(qian)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)股權(quan)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產減值風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)處于較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)水平。二是(shi)(shi)債(zhai)務(wu)(wu)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)常態(tai)化(hua),信用風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)防控(kong)壓力尚存。2022年(nian)我國債(zhai)券(quan)(quan)市場違(wei)約風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)釋放減緩(huan),但(dan)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)債(zhai)券(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)數量和(he)(he)金額均(jun)較(jiao)(jiao)上年(nian)大(da)(da)幅增(zeng)長(chang),未(wei)來(lai)演變(bian)為實質性違(wei)約的(de)(de)可能性仍(reng)然(ran)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)。房地產行(xing)業(ye)(ye)仍(reng)是(shi)(shi)2022年(nian)債(zhai)券(quan)(quan)違(wei)約和(he)(he)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)事件(jian)發生的(de)(de)主(zhu)要領域(yu),保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金部分(fen)信用債(zhai)及(ji)非標類產品(pin)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)涉及(ji)地產、城投等強周期(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)業(ye)(ye),后續仍(reng)需(xu)重點關(guan)注相(xiang)關(guan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產質量變(bian)化(hua)。三是(shi)(shi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產配置(zhi)難度(du)加(jia)大(da)(da),資(zi)(zi)(zi)負匹配有待增(zeng)強。在(zai)當前(qian)經(jing)濟增(zeng)速放緩(huan)、利率中樞長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)低位(wei)運(yun)行(xing)以及(ji)結構(gou)性資(zi)(zi)(zi)產荒有所加(jia)劇(ju)的(de)(de)背景下,找到與保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)產品(pin)期(qi)(qi)(qi)限結構(gou)匹配、成本收(shou)益(yi)匹配的(de)(de)合意資(zi)(zi)(zi)產具有較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)難度(du)。
人身(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)行(xing)業(ye)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型仍處于攻(gong)堅克難階段。一是渠道(dao)和價(jia)值均面(mian)臨挑戰。渠道(dao)方面(mian),行(xing)業(ye)積極探索(suo)代(dai)理(li)人渠道(dao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型,但轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型周期較長,業(ye)務層面(mian)有待持(chi)續改善。隨著(zhu)代(dai)理(li)人渠道(dao)發展遭遇瓶頸,銀郵渠道(dao)再度(du)成為競爭(zheng)焦點(dian),手續費率(lv)(lv)上行(xing)進一步推高了負債成本。價(jia)值方面(mian),受(shou)高價(jia)值率(lv)(lv)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)保(bao)費規模下降等(deng)因素影響(xiang),部(bu)分公(gong)司(si)新業(ye)務價(jia)值逐年(nian)(nian)下降。二是利差損風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)持(chi)續積累。近(jin)年(nian)(nian)長期利率(lv)(lv)中樞趨勢性下移,人身(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)資(zi)產(chan)端(duan)(duan)收益率(lv)(lv)下移速度(du)快于負債端(duan)(duan)成本下調節奏,利差逐年(nian)(nian)收窄(zhai),尤(you)其(qi)是2022年(nian)(nian)資(zi)本市場震蕩對權(quan)益類資(zi)產(chan)收益造(zao)成較大(da)沖擊,利差損風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)更需(xu)加以關(guan)注。三(san)是退(tui)保(bao)情(qing)況(kuang)需(xu)予以重視。受(shou)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)企產(chan)品(pin)設計、銷售(shou)行(xing)為和客戶需(xu)求等(deng)多重因素影響(xiang),人身(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)行(xing)業(ye)出(chu)現退(tui)保(bao)金大(da)幅增長、部(bu)分公(gong)司(si)退(tui)保(bao)率(lv)(lv)明顯上升的(de)情(qing)況(kuang),退(tui)保(bao)高企使(shi)得(de)公(gong)司(si)流動性承壓(ya)、聲譽(yu)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上升。
財產(chan)險(xian)(xian)(xian)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)需持(chi)續關注。一是車險(xian)(xian)(xian)市場經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)分(fen)化,短(duan)期(qi)利(li)好(hao)難以持(chi)續。2022年(nian)(nian)車險(xian)(xian)(xian)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)整體(ti)性承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)盈利(li),主要受(shou)疫情下(xia)居民出行(xing)減少(shao)、車險(xian)(xian)(xian)賠(pei)付(fu)下(xia)降等外部因素影(ying)響,但保(bao)(bao)費集中度(du)持(chi)續提(ti)升(sheng),中小(xiao)公(gong)司市場份(fen)額縮小(xiao),利(li)潤持(chi)續集中于頭部公(gong)司,多數(shu)(shu)中小(xiao)公(gong)司經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)虧損。二(er)是責任險(xian)(xian)(xian)承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)虧損,新興(xing)細(xi)分(fen)領(ling)域風險(xian)(xian)(xian)突(tu)出。一方面(mian),激烈的(de)市場競爭帶來(lai)責任險(xian)(xian)(xian)費率逐年(nian)(nian)下(xia)降,保(bao)(bao)費充(chong)足度(du)可(ke)能(neng)存在不(bu)(bu)足,進(jin)而影(ying)響經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)成(cheng)果(guo)。另一方面(mian),人(ren)身損害賠(pei)償標準與(yu)上年(nian)(nian)人(ren)均可(ke)支配收入掛鉤而逐年(nian)(nian)增長(chang),業(ye)(ye)務的(de)賠(pei)付(fu)成(cheng)本(ben)逐年(nian)(nian)上升(sheng)。此外,一些新興(xing)細(xi)分(fen)領(ling)域的(de)責任險(xian)(xian)(xian)承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)規模快速(su)增長(chang),但由于前(qian)期(qi)理(li)賠(pei)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)積累較少(shao),相關領(ling)域專業(ye)(ye)知識不(bu)(bu)足,疊加(jia)逆選擇導(dao)致整體(ti)業(ye)(ye)務品質不(bu)(bu)佳,賠(pei)付(fu)水平較高,經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)結果(guo)不(bu)(bu)理(li)想。三是保(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)盈利(li)能(neng)力不(bu)(bu)足,賠(pei)付(fu)明顯上升(sheng)。受(shou)疫情反復沖擊影(ying)響,中小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)壓(ya)力持(chi)續較大,收入下(xia)降,還款意愿和還款能(neng)力不(bu)(bu)足,逾期(qi)率明顯增加(jia)。主要為中小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)提(ti)供(gong)信(xin)用(yong)支持(chi)的(de)保(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)出險(xian)(xian)(xian)頻率上升(sheng),綜合(he)賠(pei)付(fu)率走高。
保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)補充(chong)壓(ya)力(li)(li)較大(da)。資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)補充(chong)主要來自內(nei)源(yuan)性資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)補充(chong)和外(wai)源(yuan)性資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)供(gong)給(gei),近(jin)年保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)盈利(li)能力(li)(li)不足、外(wai)部資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)供(gong)給(gei)有限(xian)等因(yin)素都(dou)加大(da)了資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)補充(chong)難度。2022年保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)收(shou)益下滑和《保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)償付能力(li)(li)監管(guan)規(gui)則(Ⅱ)》(簡稱“規(gui)則Ⅱ”)的(de)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)對資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)補充(chong)帶來了新的(de)挑戰。一是復雜的(de)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)環境(jing)限(xian)制了保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)通(tong)過投資(zi)(zi)(zi)端進(jin)行內(nei)生資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)補充(chong)的(de)能力(li)(li)。權益市場(chang)(chang)深度調(diao)整(zheng),債券市場(chang)(chang)窄幅(fu)震蕩,保(bao)險(xian)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)運用收(shou)益率明顯(xian)下滑,進(jin)而(er)導致凈資(zi)(zi)(zi)產下降(jiang)。二是規(gui)則Ⅱ夯(hang)實(shi)(shi)了資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)量,在保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)認定(ding)方面更(geng)加審慎。規(gui)則Ⅱ實(shi)(shi)施(shi)后(hou),部分公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)償付能力(li)(li)充(chong)足率出現(xian)下降(jiang),資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)補充(chong)壓(ya)力(li)(li)增加。
保(bao)險公(gong)(gong)司治理能力需持(chi)續提升。股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)結(jie)構(gou)不(bu)穩定(ding)、股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)質(zhi)(zhi)押(ya)比例較(jiao)高、高管(guan)人員頻繁變(bian)(bian)(bian)更或長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)空缺(que)等(deng)情形不(bu)利于公(gong)(gong)司長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)戰略的(de)持(chi)續性和(he)有(you)(you)效(xiao)性,將直接(jie)影響公(gong)(gong)司穩健經(jing)(jing)營和(he)長(chang)(chang)遠發展(zhan)。根據披露2022年(nian)第四季度償付(fu)能力報告摘要的(de)保(bao)險公(gong)(gong)司信息統計,2022年(nian)共19家(jia)(jia)保(bao)險公(gong)(gong)司發生股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更,數(shu)(shu)量較(jiao)上(shang)年(nian)同期(qi)(qi)減少9家(jia)(jia)。年(nian)末超三成保(bao)險公(gong)(gong)司存在(zai)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)質(zhi)(zhi)押(ya)或凍結(jie)的(de)情況,其(qi)中(zhong)7家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)司股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)質(zhi)(zhi)押(ya)或凍結(jie)比例超過50%,16家(jia)(jia)保(bao)險公(gong)(gong)司大股(gu)(gu)東(dong)質(zhi)(zhi)押(ya)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)數(shu)(shu)量超過其(qi)所持(chi)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)數(shu)(shu)量的(de)50%。另外,股(gu)(gu)東(dong)關(guan)系復雜,股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)代持(chi)、隱性股(gu)(gu)東(dong)等(deng)問題仍存在(zai),少數(shu)(shu)公(gong)(gong)司尚(shang)有(you)(you)違(wei)規待清退股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)未(wei)處(chu)置完畢。股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)結(jie)構(gou)不(bu)穩定(ding),直接(jie)帶來高管(guan)的(de)頻繁變(bian)(bian)(bian)動和(he)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)空缺(que)。2022年(nian)發生股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)結(jie)構(gou)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)公(gong)(gong)司中(zhong),有(you)(you)10家(jia)(jia)同時存在(zai)董事(shi)長(chang)(chang)或總(zong)經(jing)(jing)理變(bian)(bian)(bian)更情況,有(you)(you)6家(jia)(jia)同時存在(zai)董事(shi)長(chang)(chang)或總(zong)經(jing)(jing)理空缺(que)情況。
合規(gui)管(guan)(guan)理存(cun)在(zai)不(bu)(bu)足。一是數據(ju)不(bu)(bu)真(zhen)實問(wen)題仍為違規(gui)高發(fa)領域。2022年,保(bao)險(xian)行業涉及數據(ju)不(bu)(bu)真(zhen)實、編制(zhi)虛假報表、虛列費用的罰(fa)單占比(bi)接近(jin)半數,部(bu)分(fen)公(gong)(gong)司(si)存(cun)在(zai)償付(fu)能力數據(ju)不(bu)(bu)真(zhen)實問(wen)題。二是銷售誤(wu)導頑疾有(you)待持續整治。2022年,監管(guan)(guan)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)收到的人身險(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)相(xiang)關(guan)投(tou)訴(su)件(jian)中(zhong),銷售糾紛(fen)涉及的投(tou)訴(su)件(jian)數占比(bi)五成。銷售誤(wu)導屢禁不(bu)(bu)止,與人身險(xian)產(chan)品(pin)設(she)計的復雜屬(shu)性、前(qian)期(qi)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)導向的粗放發(fa)展模(mo)(mo)式高度相(xiang)關(guan)。三是基層機(ji)(ji)構(gou)合規(gui)管(guan)(guan)控凸顯薄(bo)弱環(huan)節。大型保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)分(fen)支(zhi)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)結(jie)構(gou)復雜、層級眾多,管(guan)(guan)理鏈條(tiao)長,風控合規(gui)要求傳導不(bu)(bu)到位。中(zhong)小型保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)內控建設(she)不(bu)(bu)足,合規(gui)經營有(you)待全面(mian)提(ti)升。保(bao)險(xian)行業應樹立(li)長期(qi)主義價(jia)值導向,持續強化合規(gui)理念(nian),塑造合規(gui)管(guan)(guan)理文化,提(ti)升內控制(zhi)度的有(you)效性,保(bao)障保(bao)險(xian)行業健康(kang)有(you)序發(fa)展。
三、專家觀測視角
保險(xian)(xian)行業風險(xian)(xian)評估專家(jia)委員會(hui)專家(jia)為報告(gao)撰寫了(le)8篇風險(xian)(xian)觀測專題(ti)文章(zhang),展(zhan)現了(le)行業專家(jia)在細分(fen)領域的(de)研究(jiu)成果。
在資(zi)產管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)面,專家(jia)認為(wei),由于保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)資(zi)金(jin)的(de)(de)長期(qi)(qi)性、穩定性以及(ji)對(dui)收(shou)益(yi)率的(de)(de)要求,債券投(tou)(tou)資(zi)在保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)資(zi)金(jin)運用余額中占(zhan)比持(chi)續較(jiao)(jiao)高,是保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)資(zi)管(guan)(guan)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)和(he)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)中非常重(zhong)要的(de)(de)品種。針對(dui)債券投(tou)(tou)資(zi)面臨的(de)(de)不同風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian),管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)工具和(he)手段也不同。專家(jia)建議,在多重(zhong)壓力下(xia),保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)資(zi)金(jin)債券投(tou)(tou)資(zi)需避免通(tong)過(guo)信(xin)用下(xia)沉(chen)或放(fang)棄流動性換取較(jiao)(jiao)高收(shou)益(yi),否則(ze)將(jiang)形成衍生的(de)(de)信(xin)用風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)和(he)流動性風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)。應當靈活化投(tou)(tou)資(zi)策略,充分管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)久期(qi)(qi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian),合理(li)(li)承擔信(xin)用風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)和(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)流動性,維持(chi)整體(ti)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)組合穩健(jian)和(he)長期(qi)(qi)收(shou)益(yi)。此外,在保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)資(zi)管(guan)(guan)公司(si)內控管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)面,專家(jia)建議,保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)資(zi)管(guan)(guan)公司(si)應通(tong)過(guo)提升管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)層內控和(he)道德意識、健(jian)全完(wan)善內控系統、注重(zhong)員工日(ri)常培訓、建立(li)內部監督體(ti)系等(deng)方(fang)(fang)式,加強內部控制建設(she),有效防范職(zhi)業(ye)欺詐,提高運營效率和(he)財(cai)務報表的(de)(de)可靠性,促(cu)進保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)資(zi)管(guan)(guan)公司(si)持(chi)續健(jian)康發展。
在資(zi)(zi)產(chan)負債管理(li)方面(mian),專家(jia)認為,新會(hui)(hui)計準(zhun)則(ze)(ze)將提升(sheng)壽險業(ye)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)負債管理(li)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。2023年(nian)起(qi),上(shang)市(shi)保(bao)險公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)切(qie)換至新的保(bao)險合同準(zhun)則(ze)(ze)(IFRS17)和(he)金融工具準(zhun)則(ze)(ze)(IFRS9)。相較于舊準(zhun)則(ze)(ze),新會(hui)(hui)計準(zhun)則(ze)(ze)提升(sheng)了(le)保(bao)險公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)和(he)負債的波(bo)動性(xing),對保(bao)險公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)負債管理(li)提出了(le)更高(gao)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。保(bao)險投資(zi)(zi)將面(mian)臨“既要(yao)(yao)追(zhui)求(qiu)(qiu)絕(jue)對收益又要(yao)(yao)降低波(bo)動”的約束(shu)條件。專家(jia)建(jian)議(yi),保(bao)險公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)根據負債特點,對大(da)類資(zi)(zi)產(chan)配置(zhi)和(he)會(hui)(hui)計科目選擇進行重(zhong)新審(shen)視,保(bao)險公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)還需(xu)要(yao)(yao)在追(zhui)求(qiu)(qiu)業(ye)務增(zeng)長(chang)和(he)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)負債表穩(wen)定性(xing)方面(mian)尋找平衡。新會(hui)(hui)計準(zhun)則(ze)(ze)客觀上(shang)對保(bao)險產(chan)品質量(liang)提出更高(gao)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu),保(bao)險公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)審(shen)視產(chan)品、投資(zi)(zi)和(he)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)負債管理(li)戰略,追(zhui)求(qiu)(qiu)向高(gao)質量(liang)增(zeng)長(chang)轉(zhuan)型。
在(zai)健康險(xian)業(ye)務(wu)方面,專(zhuan)家認為,商業(ye)長期(qi)護(hu)(hu)理(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)具備發展空間。一方面,老(lao)齡化程(cheng)度加(jia)深伴(ban)隨(sui)失(shi)能(neng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員數量增加(jia),疊加(jia)長期(qi)護(hu)(hu)理(li)費用的日益攀升(sheng)(sheng)以及缺(que)乏專(zhuan)業(ye)的護(hu)(hu)理(li)服務(wu)提(ti)(ti)供者,失(shi)能(neng)老(lao)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群的護(hu)(hu)理(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)需求不斷提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)。另一方面,當前長期(qi)護(hu)(hu)理(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)水(shui)平有限,重度失(shi)能(neng)老(lao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)均(jun)(jun)機構(gou)護(hu)(hu)理(li)與居家護(hu)(hu)理(li)服務(wu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)缺(que)口普遍高(gao)于家庭人(ren)(ren)(ren)均(jun)(jun)年(nian)收入(ru)水(shui)平,亟待補充(chong)性護(hu)(hu)理(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)提(ti)(ti)供保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。專(zhuan)家建議,保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)公司要(yao)積極(ji)參(can)與社(she)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)層面長期(qi)護(hu)(hu)理(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian),明確定位(wei),找準(zhun)(zhun)目(mu)標客戶(hu)群,同時(shi),要(yao)創新設計(ji),培育專(zhuan)業(ye)護(hu)(hu)理(li)隊(dui)伍(wu),完善護(hu)(hu)理(li)市場,實現精準(zhun)(zhun)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。
在養老業務方面(mian),專家認為,“因(yin)病(bing)致(zhi)貧”是老齡(ling)社會的難題之一。老年人一旦(dan)患病(bing)將面(mian)臨三大困境(jing),一是未購買任(ren)何商業保險(xian),無力支付(fu)超醫(yi)保上限的醫(yi)療費(fei)(fei)用(yong)或長期(qi)護(hu)理費(fei)(fei)用(yong);二是購買了壽(shou)險(xian)產品,由(you)于被保險(xian)人生存(cun),不能提前領取死亡保險(xian)金(jin);三是罹(li)患重(zhong)疾財源短缺,可能面(mian)臨財務危機(ji)。專家建議,可以通過(guo)現有壽(shou)險(xian)產品附加“提前給付(fu)死亡保險(xian)金(jin)”和開發房產抵(di)押型(xing)(xing)“提前消費(fei)(fei)綜合保險(xian)”等方式,構建“提前消費(fei)(fei)型(xing)(xing)”保險(xian),探索解決老齡(ling)社會難題。
在數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)風險(xian)方面,專家認為(wei),中(zhong)小(xiao)保險(xian)公司(si)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)面臨管理(li)機制不(bu)成熟、數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)標準(zhun)化(hua)自動化(hua)不(bu)完(wan)備(bei)、數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)人才短缺(que)等(deng)(deng)方面的(de)(de)(de)挑戰(zhan)(zhan),亟待采取(qu)有效應對舉措。專家建(jian)議,一是(shi)加(jia)強數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)保障,建(jian)立跨領域的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)委員會,將數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)(lve)(lve)與業務(wu)戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)(lve)(lve)、IT戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)(lve)(lve)緊密結合,并加(jia)強數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)委員會組織(zhi)實(shi)(shi)施數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)工作的(de)(de)(de)有效性。二(er)是(shi)構(gou)建(jian)指標體系,統(tong)一標準(zhun),為(wei)系統(tong)開(kai)發(fa)、數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)分(fen)(fen)析等(deng)(deng)提供服(fu)務(wu),優化(hua)經營決策(ce)能力。三是(shi)完(wan)善系統(tong)化(hua)功能,借(jie)助數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)臺等(deng)(deng)實(shi)(shi)現由(you)人工統(tong)計手段改進為(wei)定(ding)時(shi)生(sheng)成固定(ding)報(bao)表(biao)、隨時(shi)支持自助分(fen)(fen)析。四是(shi)加(jia)強數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)安全保護(hu)管理(li),開(kai)展(zhan)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)資產盤點,按照數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)和個人信息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)重要性與敏感程度對數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)資產進行(xing)分(fen)(fen)級,并實(shi)(shi)施不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)管理(li)機制。
在(zai)財產(chan)險(xian)風(feng)險(xian)減量(liang)(liang)(liang)服(fu)務(wu)方面,保(bao)險(xian)作為能夠(gou)有效轉移(yi)現代社會絕大(da)多數風(feng)險(xian)的(de)金(jin)融(rong)工具,被稱為社會“穩定器”和(he)經濟(ji)“減震器”,在(zai)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)災害(hai)(hai)事故的(de)防災減災和(he)恢(hui)復重(zhong)(zhong)建中發(fa)揮了(le)積(ji)極(ji)作用(yong)。今年以(yi)來,自然災害(hai)(hai)和(he)災害(hai)(hai)事故苗頭(tou)有所抬升(sheng),專家認為,生產(chan)安全形勢十分嚴峻,迫(po)切(qie)需要(yao)保(bao)險(xian)業(ye)開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)風(feng)險(xian)減量(liang)(liang)(liang)服(fu)務(wu)。財產(chan)保(bao)險(xian)業(ye)開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)風(feng)險(xian)減量(liang)(liang)(liang)服(fu)務(wu),除國(guo)家和(he)人民群眾對保(bao)險(xian)業(ye)的(de)期盼之外,應借助學習(xi)貫(guan)徹習(xi)近平新時(shi)代中國(guo)特色社會主義思想主題教(jiao)育之契機,踐行(xing)總體(ti)國(guo)家安全觀,以(yi)新發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)理念(nian)引領高質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),統籌做好(hao)機構(gou)改革化險(xian)工作,正逢其(qi)時(shi)。
在(zai)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)機構(gou)服務(wu)(wu)合作方(fang)(fang)面,專(zhuan)家認為,不斷(duan)加強(qiang)與第三(san)方(fang)(fang)機構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)合作,已成(cheng)為保(bao)險(xian)公司降低成(cheng)本、提高專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)水(shui)平、提升客(ke)戶體(ti)驗(yan)或(huo)實現(xian)戰(zhan)略(lve)目標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)重要手段(duan)。在(zai)獲得(de)合作收益的(de)(de)(de)同時,保(bao)險(xian)公司也(ye)需(xu)要面對(dui)(dui)來源于第三(san)方(fang)(fang)機構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)類潛在(zai)風(feng)險(xian)。專(zhuan)家建議,針對(dui)(dui)相關風(feng)險(xian),一是(shi)開展針對(dui)(dui)性(xing)風(feng)險(xian)評估,通過(guo)嵌入采購供應商(shang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、合同管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)等業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)流程,形(xing)成(cheng)有(you)效(xiao)控制。二是(shi)遵循“以風(feng)險(xian)為基礎”的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)思路,明確(que)每類風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)責任主(zhu)體(ti),并推(tui)動各(ge)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)責任主(zhu)體(ti)之(zhi)間高效(xiao)協(xie)作,以達到有(you)效(xiao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)機構(gou)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)(biao)。